ʻenehana ʻenehana mahiʻai o ka māla ʻōmaʻomaʻo i paʻi ʻia ma Beijing ma 17:30 ma Ianuali 13th, 2023.

ʻO ka ʻai ʻana o ka hapa nui o nā meaʻai meaʻai he kaʻina pili i nā hana metabolic o nā aʻa mea kanu.Pono kēia mau kaʻina hana i ka ikehu i hana ʻia e ka respiration cell root, a hoʻoponopono pū ʻia ka absorption wai e ka mahana a me ka hanu ʻana, a pono ka hanu ʻana i ke komo ʻana o ka oxygen, no laila he hopena koʻikoʻi ka oxygen i loko o ke aʻa i ka ulu maʻamau o nā mea kanu.Hoʻopili ʻia ka ʻike o ka oxygen i hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i ka wai e ka mahana a me ka paʻakai, a ʻo ke ʻano o ka substrate e hoʻoholo i ka ʻike o ka ea i loko o ke aʻa.He ʻokoʻa nui ka hoʻoinu ʻana i ka hana hou a me ka hoʻohui ʻana i ka ʻike o ka oxygen i nā substrate me nā ʻano wai like ʻole.Nui nā kumu e hoʻonui ai i ka ʻike o ka oxygen i loko o ke kumu aʻa, akā ʻokoʻa ke ʻano o ka mana o kēlā me kēia kumu.ʻO ka mālama ʻana i ka hiki ke paʻa i ka wai substrate kūpono (ma ka ea) ke kumu o ka mālama ʻana i ka ʻike o ka oxygen kiʻekiʻe i ka ʻaʻa.

Nā hopena o ka mahana a me ka paʻakai ma ka ʻike o ka oxygen saturated i loko o ka hopena

Hoʻoheheʻe ʻia ka oxygen i loko o ka wai

Hoʻoheheʻe ʻia ka oxygen i hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i ka oxygen unbound a manuahi paha i loko o ka wai, a ʻo ka ʻike o ka oxygen dissolved i loko o ka wai e hiki ke kiʻekiʻe loa i kahi mahana, ʻo ia ka ʻike oxygen saturated.Hoʻololi ka ʻike o ka oxygen saturated i loko o ka wai me ka mahana, a i ka piʻi ʻana o ka mahana, e emi ana ka ʻike o ka oxygen.ʻOi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o ka maʻiʻo oxygen saturated o ka wai maʻemaʻe ma mua o ka wai kai paʻakai paʻakai (Figure1), no laila e ʻokoʻa ka maʻiʻo oxygen saturated o nā meaʻai me nā ʻano ʻokoʻa.

Ka lawe ʻana o ka oxygen i loko o ka matrix

ʻO ka oxygen i loaʻa i nā aʻa hua ʻōmaʻomaʻo mai ka hopena meaʻai pono i kahi kūlana manuahi, a lawe ʻia ka oxygen i loko o ka substrate ma o ka ea a me ka wai a me ka wai a puni nā aʻa.Aia i loko o ke kaulike me ka oxygen ma loko o ka ea ma kahi mahana i hāʻawi ʻia, hiki i ka oxygen i hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i ka wai i ka palena kiʻekiʻe, a ʻo ka hoʻololi ʻana o ka ʻike oxygen i ka ea e alakaʻi i ka hoʻololi like ʻana o ka ʻike oxygen i ka wai.

Nā hopena o ke koʻikoʻi o ka hypoxia i ke aʻa i nā mea kanu

Nā kumu o ka hypoxia aʻa

Nui nā kumu e kiʻekiʻe ai ka pilikia o ka hypoxia i ka hydroponics a me nā ʻōnaehana kanu substrate i ke kauwela.ʻO ka mea mua, e emi ana ka ʻike o ka oxygen saturated i ka wai ke piʻi ka mahana.ʻO ka lua, ʻo ka oxygen e pono ai e mālama i ka ulu ʻana o ke aʻa e piʻi me ka piʻi ʻana o ka mahana.Eia kekahi, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka lawe ʻana i nā meaʻai i ke kauwela, no laila ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o ka koi o ka oxygen no ka lawe ʻana i nā meaʻai.Ke alakaʻi nei ia i ka emi ʻana o ka ʻike o ka oxygen i loko o ke kumu aʻa a me ka nele o ka hoʻohui kūpono, e alakaʻi ana i ka hypoxia i ke kaiapuni aʻa.

ʻO ka lawe ʻana a me ka ulu ʻana

ʻO ka absorption o ka nui o nā meaʻai pono e pili ana i nā kaʻina pili pili i ka metabolism aʻa, e koi ai i ka ikehu i hana ʻia e ka respiration cell root, ʻo ia hoʻi, ka decomposition o nā huahana photosynthetic i mua o ka oxygen.Ua hōʻike nā haʻawina i ka 10% ~ 20% o ka nui o nā assimilates o nā mea kanu tōmato i hoʻohana ʻia i nā aʻa, 50% o ia mau mea i hoʻohana ʻia no ka absorption nutrient ion, 40% no ka ulu ʻana a me 10% wale nō no ka mālama.Pono nā aʻa e loaʻa ka oxygen ma ke kaiapuni pololei kahi e hoʻokuʻu ai lākou i ka CO₂.Ma lalo o nā kūlana anaerobic i hoʻokumu ʻia e ka maikaʻi ʻole o ka ea i loko o nā substrates a me ka hydroponics, e hoʻopilikia ka hypoxia i ka absorption o ka wai a me nā meaʻai.ʻO ka Hypoxia ka pane wikiwiki i ka hoʻoulu ʻana o nā meaʻai, ʻo ia hoʻi ka nitrate (NO₃^-), potassium (K) a me ka phosphate (PO₄^3-), ka mea e hoʻopilikia i ka hoʻopili ʻana o ka calcium (Ca) a me ka magnesium (Mg).

Pono ka ulu ʻana o ke aʻa meaʻai i ka ikehu, ʻo ka hana aʻa maʻamau e pono ai ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa o ka oxygen, a ʻo ka neʻe ʻana o ka oxygen ma lalo o ka waiwai COP e lilo i kumu e kaupalena ana i ka metabolism cell cell (hypoxia).Ke haʻahaʻa ka pae o ka oxygen, lohi a hoʻōki paha ka ulu.Inā pili wale ka hypoxia aʻa i nā lālā a me nā lau, hiki i ka ʻōnaehana kumu ke uku i ka ʻāpana o ka ʻōnaehana kumu ʻaʻole i hana hou no kekahi kumu ma o ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka absorption kūloko.

ʻO ka mīkini metabolic mea kanu e pili ana i ka oxygen ma ke ʻano he electron acceptor.Me ka ʻole o ka oxygen, pau ka hana ATP.Me ka ʻole o ka ATP, e pau ka kahe ʻana o nā protons mai nā aʻa, e lilo ka wai o ke aʻa i ka ʻakika, a e make kēia mau cell i loko o kekahi mau hola.ʻAʻole hiki ke hoʻololi ʻia ka hypoxia no ka manawa pōkole a me ka wā pōkole i nā mea kanu.Ma muli o ke ʻano o ka "nitrate respiration", he mea hoʻololi pōkole paha ia e hoʻokō ai i ka hypoxia ma ke ʻano he ala ʻē aʻe i ka wā o ka hypoxia aʻa.Eia nō naʻe, ʻo ka hypoxia lōʻihi e alakaʻi i ka ulu lohi, hoʻemi ʻia ka lau a hoʻemi i ke kaumaha hou a maloʻo, kahi e alakaʻi ai i ka emi nui o ka hua.

Ethylene

Hoʻokumu nā mea kanu i ka ethylene in situ ma lalo o ke koʻikoʻi nui.ʻO ka maʻamau, hoʻoneʻe ʻia ka ethylene mai nā aʻa ma o ka hoʻolaha ʻana i ka ea lepo.Ke hiki mai ka wai, ʻaʻole e piʻi wale ka hoʻokumu ʻana o ka ethylene, akā e hoʻemi nui ʻia ka diffusion no ka mea ua hoʻopuni ʻia nā aʻa e ka wai.ʻO ka hoʻonui ʻana o ka ethylene e alakaʻi i ka hoʻokumu ʻana o ka ʻiʻo aeration ma nā aʻa (Figure 2).Hiki i ka Ethylene ke hoʻoulu i ka lau, a ʻo ka pilina ma waena o ka ethylene a me auxin e hoʻonui i ka hoʻokumu ʻana o nā aʻa adventitious.

ʻO ke kaumaha o ka oxygen ke alakaʻi i ka emi ʻana o ka ulu ʻana o ka lau

Hana ʻia ʻo ABA i nā aʻa a me nā lau e hoʻokō ai i nā koʻikoʻi like ʻole.I loko o ke kumu aʻa, ʻo ka pane maʻamau i ke koʻikoʻi ka pani ʻana o ka stomatal, e pili ana i ka hoʻokumu ʻana o ABA.Ma mua o ka pani ʻia ʻana o ka stomata, nalowale ka piko o ka mea kanu i ka pehu ʻana, maloʻo nā lau o luna, a hiki ke emi mai ka hana kiʻi kiʻi.Nui nā haʻawina i hōʻike i ka pane ʻana o ka stomata i ka piʻi ʻana o ka ABA i ka apoplast ma ka pani ʻana, ʻo ia hoʻi, ka nui o ka ABA maʻiʻo i nā lau ʻole ma ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana i ka intracellular ABA, hiki i nā mea kanu ke hoʻonui i ka nui o ka apoplast ABA me ka wikiwiki.Ke pilikia nā mea kanu, hoʻomaka lākou e hoʻokuʻu i ka ABA i loko o nā cell, a hiki ke hoʻouna ʻia ka hōʻailona hoʻokuʻu aʻa i nā minuke ma mua o nā hola.ʻO ka hoʻonui ʻana o ka ABA i loko o ka ʻiʻo lau e hōʻemi i ka elongation o ka paia cell a alakaʻi i ka emi ʻana o ka elongation lau.ʻO kekahi hopena o ka hypoxia, ʻo ia ka pōkole o ke ola o nā lau, e pili ana i nā lau āpau.ʻO ka Hypoxia ka mea maʻamau e alakaʻi i ka emi ʻana o ka lawe ʻana o ka cytokinin a me ka nitrate.ʻO ka nele o ka nitrogen a i ʻole cytokinin e hoʻopōkole i ka manawa mālama o ka lau a hoʻopau i ka ulu ʻana o nā lālā a me nā lau i loko o kekahi mau lā.

ʻO ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka oxygen o ka ʻōnaehana kumu

ʻO nā hiʻohiʻona o ka substrate e hoʻoholo no ka hāʻawi ʻana i ka wai a me ka oxygen.ʻO ka nui o ka oxygen i loko o ke aʻa o nā mea kanu ʻōmaʻomaʻo e pili ana i ka hiki ke paʻa i ka wai o ka substrate, ka irrigation (ka nui a me ka pinepine), ka hoʻolālā substrate a me ka mahana o ka substrate strip.ʻO ka manawa wale nō ka nui o ka oxygen i loko o ke aʻa i ka liʻiliʻi ma luna o 10% (4 ~ 5mg / L) hiki ke mālama ʻia ka hana aʻa i kahi kūlana maikaʻi loa.

He mea koʻikoʻi ka ʻōnaehana kumu o nā mea kanu no ka ulu ʻana o nā mea kanu a me ka pale ʻana i nā maʻi kanu.Hoʻopili ʻia ka wai a me nā meaʻai e like me ka pono o nā mea kanu.Eia nō naʻe, ʻo ka pae o ka oxygen i loko o ke kumu aʻa e hoʻoholo nui ai i ka pono absorption o nā meaʻai a me ka wai a me ka maikaʻi o ka ʻōnaehana kumu.ʻO ka lawa o ka oxygen pae i loko o ka ʻōnaehana kumu hiki ke hōʻoia i ke olakino o ka ʻōnaehana kumu, i ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o nā mea kanu i nā microorganism pathogenic (Figure 3).ʻO ka pae oxygen kūpono i loko o ka substrate e hōʻemi i ka pilikia o nā kūlana anaerobic, no laila e hōʻemi i ka hopena o nā microorganism pathogenic.

Ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka oxygen i ke kumu aʻa

Hiki ke kiʻekiʻe ka hoʻohana ʻana o ka oxygen i nā mea kanu e like me 40mg/m2/h (e pili ana ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā mea kanu).Ma muli o ka mahana, hiki i ka wai irrigation ke komo i ka 7 ~ 8mg / L o ka oxygen (Figure 4).No ka hiki ʻana i 40 mg, pono e hāʻawi ʻia ka 5L o ka wai i kēlā me kēia hola e hoʻokō i ka koi o ka oxygen, akā ʻoiaʻiʻo, ʻaʻole hiki ke loaʻa ka nui o ka wai i ka lā hoʻokahi.ʻO ia ke ʻano he wahi liʻiliʻi wale nō ka oxygen i hāʻawi ʻia e ka irrigation.ʻO ka hapa nui o ka hāʻawi ʻana i ka oxygen e hiki i ke aʻa ma o nā pores i loko o ka matrix, a ʻo ka hāʻawi ʻana o ka hāʻawi ʻana i ka oxygen ma o nā pores e like me 90%, ma muli o ka manawa o ka lā.Ke piʻi ka evaporation o nā mea kanu i ka palena kiʻekiʻe, hiki i ka nui o ka irrigation ke kiʻekiʻe loa, e like me 1 ~ 1.5L / m2 / h.Inā loaʻa i ka wai irrigation ka oxygen 7mg / L, e hāʻawi ia i 7 ~ 11mg / m2 / h oxygen no ke kumu aʻa.Ua like kēia me 17% ~ 25% o ka noi.ʻOiaʻiʻo, pili wale kēia i ke kūlana i hoʻololi ʻia ka wai irrigation maikaʻi ʻole o ka oxygen i ka substrate e ka wai irrigation hou.

Ma waho aʻe o ka ʻai ʻana i nā aʻa, hoʻopau pū nā microorganism i ke aʻa i ka oxygen.He paʻakikī ke helu ʻana i kēia no ka mea ʻaʻohe ana i hana ʻia ma kēia ʻano.No ka mea ua hoʻololi ʻia nā substrates hou i kēlā me kēia makahiki, hiki ke manaʻo ʻia he wahi liʻiliʻi nā microorganism i ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka oxygen.

E hoʻonui i ka mahana o nā aʻa

He mea koʻikoʻi ka mahana o ke kaiapuni o ka ʻōnaehana kumu no ka ulu maʻamau a me ka hana o ka ʻōnaehana kumu, a he mea koʻikoʻi hoʻi ia e pili ana i ka absorption o ka wai a me nā meaʻai e ka ʻōnaehana kumu.

ʻO ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa o ka substrate wela (ke kumu aʻa) hiki ke alakaʻi i ka paʻakikī i ka lawe ʻana i ka wai.Ma 5 ℃, ʻo ka absorption he 70% ~ 80% haʻahaʻa ma mua o 20 ℃.Inā hele pū ka mahana haʻahaʻa substrate me ka wela kiʻekiʻe, e alakaʻi ia i ka wilting kanu.ʻOkoʻa ka ʻike ʻana o ka Ion ma muli o ka mahana, kahi e pale ai i ka absorption ion ma ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa, a ʻokoʻa ka naʻau o nā mea meaʻai like ʻole i ka mahana.

ʻAʻole pono ka wela substrate kiʻekiʻe, a hiki ke alakaʻi i ka ʻōnaehana kumu nui loa.ʻO ia hoʻi, aia ka māhele kaulike ʻole o ka mea maloʻo i nā mea kanu.No ka nui loa o ka ʻōnaehana kumu, e hiki mai ana nā poho kūpono ʻole ma o ka hanu ʻana, a ua hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia kēia ʻāpana o ka ikehu nalowale no ka ʻohi ʻana o ka mea kanu.Ma ke kiʻekiʻe o ka substrate wela, ʻoi aku ka haʻahaʻa o ka oxygen i hoʻoheheʻe ʻia, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka hopena i ka ʻike oxygen i loko o ke kumu kumu ma mua o ka oxygen i hoʻopau ʻia e nā microorganism.Hoʻopau ka ʻōnaehana kumu i ka nui o ka oxygen, a ke alakaʻi nei i ka hypoxia i ka hihia o ka substrate maikaʻi ʻole a i ʻole ka hoʻokumu ʻana o ka lepo, pēlā e hōʻemi ai i ka absorption o ka wai a me nā ion.

E mālama i ka hiki ke paʻa wai kūpono o ka matrix.

Aia ka pilina maikaʻi ʻole ma waena o ka wai a me ka pakeneka o ka oxygen i loko o ka matrix.Ke piʻi aʻe ka nui o ka wai, e emi ana ka nui o ka oxygen, a me ka hope.Aia kahi pae koʻikoʻi ma waena o ka wai a me ka oxygen i loko o ka matrix, ʻo ia hoʻi, 80% ~ 85% wai maʻi (Figure 5).ʻO ka mālama lōʻihi o ka wai ma luna o 85% i ka substrate e hoʻopilikia i ka hāʻawi oxygen.ʻO ka hapa nui o ka hāʻawi oxygen (75% ~ 90%) ma o nā pores i ka matrix.

Hoʻohui i ka irrigation i ka ʻike oxygen i loko o ka substrate

ʻOi aku ka nui o ka lā e alakaʻi i ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka oxygen kiʻekiʻe a me ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa ʻana o ka oxygen i nā aʻa (Figure 6), a ʻoi aku ka nui o ke kō e hoʻonui i ka ʻai ʻana o ka oxygen i ka pō.He ikaika ka transpiration, nui ka hoʻoheheʻe wai, a ʻoi aku ka nui o ka ea a ʻoi aku ka oxygen i loko o ka substrate.Hiki ke ʻike ʻia mai ka ʻaoʻao hema o ka Figure 7 e piʻi iki ka nui o ka oxygen i loko o ka substrate ma hope o ka hoʻoinu ʻana ma lalo o ke ʻano he kiʻekiʻe ka paʻa wai o ka substrate a haʻahaʻa loa ka ea.E like me ka mea i hoikeia ma ka aoao akau o ka fig.7, ma lalo o ke ʻano o ka hoʻomālamalama maikaʻi ʻana, hoʻonui ʻia ka ʻike o ka ea i loko o ka substrate ma muli o ka hoʻonui ʻana o ka wai (nā manawa irrigation like).ʻOi aku ka liʻiliʻi o ka mana pili o ka irrigation i ka ʻike o ka oxygen i loko o ka substrate ma mua o ka hiki ke paʻa i ka wai (air content) i loko o ka substrate.

Kūkākūkā

I ka hana maoli, ʻike ʻole ʻia ka ʻike o ka oxygen (ea) i loko o ke kaiapuni aʻa, akā he mea koʻikoʻi ia e hōʻoia i ka ulu maʻamau o nā mea kanu a me ka ulu olakino o nā aʻa.

No ka loaʻa ʻana o ka hua nui loa i ka wā o ka hoʻoulu ʻana i nā mea kanu, he mea nui loa ka pale ʻana i ka ʻōnaehana kumu i ke kūlana maikaʻi loa e like me ka hiki.Ua hōʻike ʻia nā haʻawina ʻo O₂ʻO nā mea i loko o ka'ōnaehana kumu ma lalo o 4mg / L e loaʻa i ka hopena maikaʻiʻole i ka uluʻana o ka hua.ʻO ka O₂ʻO nā mea i loko o ke aʻa e hoʻopili nui ʻia e ka irrigation (ka nui o ka irrigation a me ka pinepine), ke ʻano o ka substrate, ka ʻike wai substrate, ka ʻōmaʻomaʻo a me ka mahana substrate, a ʻokoʻa nā ʻano kanu kanu.He pilina ko nā algae a me nā microorganisms me ka ʻike o ka oxygen i loko o ke kumu o nā mea kanu hydroponic.ʻAʻole wale ka Hypoxia i ka ulu lohi o nā mea kanu, akā hoʻonui pū i ke kaomi o nā pathogens aʻa (pythium, phytophthora, fusarium) i ka ulu aʻa.

He hopena koʻikoʻi ka hoʻolālā ʻana i ka wai i ka O₂maʻiʻo i loko o ka substrate, a ʻo ia hoʻi kahi ala ʻoi aku ka mālama ʻana i ke kaʻina kanu.Ua ʻike kekahi mau haʻawina kanu rose ʻo ka hoʻonui haʻahaʻa ʻana i ka wai i loko o ka substrate (i ke kakahiaka) hiki ke loaʻa kahi kūlana oxygen maikaʻi aʻe.I loko o ka substrate me ka wai haʻahaʻa e paʻa ana i ka wai, hiki i ka substrate ke mālama i ka nui o ka oxygen kiʻekiʻe, a i ka manawa like, pono e pale i ka ʻokoʻa o ka wai ma waena o nā substrate ma o ke kiʻekiʻe o ka irrigation a me ka wā pōkole.ʻO ka haʻahaʻa o ka wai paʻa o nā substrates, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka ʻokoʻa ma waena o nā substrates.ʻO ka substrate moist, haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa irrigation a me ka wā lōʻihi e hōʻoia i ka hoʻololi hou ʻana o ka ea a me nā kūlana oxygen maikaʻi.

ʻO ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana o ka substrate kahi mea ʻē aʻe i mana nui i ka helu hoʻohou a me ka gradient o ka oxygen i loko o ka substrate, e pili ana i ke ʻano a me ka mana paʻa wai o ka substrate.ʻAʻole pono e noho lōʻihi ka wai hoʻoheheʻe ma lalo o ka substrate, akā pono e hoʻokuʻu koke ʻia i hiki i ka wai irrigation hoʻonui i ka oxygen hou i lalo o ka substrate.Hiki ke hoʻololi ʻia ka wikiwiki o ka wai e kekahi mau ana maʻalahi, e like me ka gradient o ka substrate ma ka longitudinal a me ka laulā.ʻOi aku ka nui o ka gradient, ʻoi aku ka wikiwiki o ka wikiwiki o ka wai.Loaʻa nā puka like ʻole o nā substrate a ʻokoʻa hoʻi ka helu o nā puka.

HOPE

[ʻike kuhi]

Xie Yuanpei.Nā hopena o ka ʻike oxygen kaiapuni i nā aʻa hua ʻōmaʻomaʻo i ka ulu ʻana o ka hua [J].ʻenehana ʻenekinia mahiʻai, 2022,42(31):21-24.